Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Projected Self in the Scarlett...

Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most influential authors during the Romanticism time period. Hawthorne is most commonly known for his novel, The Scarlett Letter. That novel continues to still be read all over. In fact, I just read it for my history class. Not only can the novel be read for an English, but for a history class as well because of the Puritan background. Nathaniel Hawthorne wasn’t just an author that blended in within his era, he stood out. Hawthorne was unique. He used identifiable contexts that influenced his work, and wrote in mediums such as short stories and novels. In my opinion what made Hawthorne so unique is that he was not only just a writer but he was a very meticulous critic on himself†¦show more content†¦Not everyone agreed she should die, so instead she was thrown into jail and forced to wear a red â€Å"A† on her chest to represent her mistake. At the end of the novel when Dimmesdale exposes himself to the tow nspeople with his flesh seared â€Å"A† on his chest, then continues to fall dead, this is an obvious representation of Romanticism. The tragedy that surprises the readers allows this novel to be classified under that movement, which Nathaniel Hawthorne was know for. As Hawthorne grew older he began to grow in his writing as well. He started writing more romantic considered fiction that portrayed his own beliefs in life. In the nineteenth century, it wasn’t as modern as it may be suspected. Yes they could reproduce photos, but it was a long process. Because of this, Hawthorne wrote extensive descriptions with a lot of imagery to give the reader enough information to be able to picture what was going on at that moment. Nathaniel Hawthorne was also known to focus on the main character. He could focus on many different things, but he mainly focused on the characters daily mental struggles they had with themselves. A good example of Hawthorne doing this in his writing is i n the short story Young Goodman Brown. To me this characteristic of Hawthorne’s writing is shown throughout the whole story. Goodman struggles internally with whether or not he should continue into the forest or not. He doesn’t want to stab his family and friends in the

The Success of the Kalam Cosmological Argument in...

The Success of the Kalam Cosmological Argument in Establishing an Existence in God The kalam cosmological argument is an argument from the existence of the world or universe- to the existence of God, I think this is effective because the existence of the universe, such arguments claim, stands in need of explanation, the only adequate explanation, the arguments suggest, is that it was created by God. This is because it says that everything that has a beginning of its existence has a cause of its existence and the universe has a beginning of it’s existence; so it must have a cause to exist, and this cause is God, therefore God exists. The argument claims that everything that begins to exist has a†¦show more content†¦The proponent of the kalam cosmological argument must show that this cannot be the case if the argument is to be successful. The idea that the universe has an infinite past, stretching back in time into infinity, is both philosophically and scientifically problematic. All indications are that there is a point in time at which the universe began to exist, eg/ the big bang. This beginning was either caused or uncaused. The cosmological argument takes the suggestion that the beginning of the universe was uncaused to be impossible. The idea of an uncaused event is absurd; nothing comes from nothing. The universe was therefore caused by something outside it, God. Without God there would be one entity, the existence of which we could not explain, namely the universe; with God there would be one entity the existence of which we could not explain, namely God. Positing the existence of God, then, would raise as many problems as it solved, and so the cosmological argument would leave us in no better position than it found us. But there is a distinction drawn between the universe and God is that the universe has a beginning in time. Everything that has a beginning in time, the kalam cosmological argument claims, has a cause of its existence. The uncaused existence of God, who does not have a beginning in time, is consistent with it’s claim. If

Working with and Leading People Free Essays

string(122) " to their hardworking employees and they should also work on the enhancement of the technical knowledge of the employees\." Cool Sounds is an established music retailer throughout the UK and it has around 280 stores and 15000 employees, both full time as well as part-time. The products sold by Cool Sounds range from CDs and DVDs to software for computer consoles. The organization has a tall structure and most of the decisions are made from the Head Offices although leading people is usually the specific remit to store management team. We will write a custom essay sample on Working with and Leading People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cool Sounds has planned to open a new flagship store in Coventry and hire 80 more employees. I being the general manager of the store have prepared this paper to address some of the issues related to recruitment, selection and retention, leadership, performance appraisal, etc. (Anthony, Kacmar Perrwe 2005). RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND RETENTION What does Cool Sounds look for in its employees? Cool Sounds looks for a strong academic record when assessing the application of employees. Past experience shows that academic skills are seldom sufficient to be a successful professional within a company as challenging, dynamic and diverse as Cool sounds. Therefore, Cool Sounds has identified four skills and qualities as being essential to performing to the high standards that they expect from their employees. Capacity, achievement, relationships and technicality are these skills identified by Cool Sounds. Capacity is the diagnostic ability to put problems in an extensive but in a relevant view. Achievement is the ability to get things done. Relationships refer to the ability to work efficiently with others in a team and technicality is the ability to understand and approach technical issues coupled with an enthusiasm for technical challenge. The HR management refers to these qualities throughout their assessment and selection process, looking for candidates who can show them to a greater degree than their contemporaries. (Benefiel 2008). Applications and resumes Cool Sounds offers an amazing range of recruitment in many different fields and also requires people from diverse backgrounds. Every year Cool Sounds examine its business requirements and accordingly they conduct external recruiting and for this, they should advertise in the leading newspapers and shortlist the candidates suitable by interviewing them after which they must select candidates on the basis of their degree, although work experience really counts but they should also recruit candidates on the basis of their answers and intelligence. All applications should be assessed and candidates based on the above mentioned qualities and both internal and external selections should be done. Cool Sounds should recruit employees both internally and externally. (Butteriss 1998). The Interview Process Once the recruiters have reviewed the candidates’ application forms and CVs/Resumes, they must conduct telephonic or face-to-face interview and many other interview techniques and questions must be asked to determine the personality of the candidate. Cool Sounds must conduct competency based interviews in order to evaluate the competence in a candidate. (Barker 2008). Situational interviews are conducted by asking questions like e. g. ‘A person in your team is disrupting information, how would you handle the situation? ’ Behavioral interviews should also be conducted in which Cool Sounds should inquire about the candidates’ achievements and any challenges they have faced e. g. ‘Please tell us about a time when you were under great pressure? How did you cope? What was the outcome? The content of the responses to the questions asked should then assessed by Cool sounds. Offer and Onboarding Once the candidates have been successfully selected to work in the organization, they should be called in for a management trainee program. (Clawson Corner 2004). Offer To give their candidates the best value they can get, Cool Sounds should make sure that it provides the job that the person wants, for instance, if the employee is more flexible about their preferred job and location, the more likely should Cool Sounds should be able to give what the employee want. After finding a suitable vacancy, the employee should be invited to a ‘Get to Know You’ session so that the employee meets the business managers they’ll be working with, as well as some of their team, and find out more about the position. This would also give the employees as well as the company itself to double check whether the candidate is suitable or not and if a suitable match is lacking at this point, Cool Sounds must continue to explore for more candidates. Gravett 2003). Onboarding This is when the employees’ career begins with Cool Sounds and the onboarding programs should be carried out so that employees can get to know the organization better. Moreover, the company should always be ready to guide its employees in the best possible way, so that the employees can have a feel of what their job role is in the organization, what they are supposed to do, and find out how Cool Sounds operates itself. Retention Rewards and Benefits Rewards and benefits are major set of HRM activities and so Cool Sound should provide their employees rewards and benefits and the most common rewards they can give to the employees are worker’s compensation, social security and unemployment insurance. Reward System Reward system serves as a strategic purpose of attracting, motivating and retaining people, therefore Cool Sounds should provide bonus to their employees in order improve the performances of the employees. By taking a look to the performance of the employee or his sincerity with the organization, the employees should be given rewards to keep them motivated. (John 2001). Pay Structure Pay structure is the difference of pays of employees within the organization and it is vital to give the same pays to the employees having same designation so that no sort of conflict arises between them; however the pay must only be different for employees on the basis of their performance. Individual Pay Decisions To promote the employees, individual pay decisions should be made as well and Cool Sounds must ensure that employee’s individual contribution is recognized and rewarded through performance-related pay and bonuses, moreover, facilities must be provided to their hardworking employees and they should also work on the enhancement of the technical knowledge of the employees. You read "Working with and Leading People" in category "Papers" Other factors of retention Health and medical benefits should be provided to the employees, every employee should be fairly treated and job security should be provided to them. (Kay 2000). Legal and ethical issues When staff is to be recurited, some legal and ethical issues need to be considered. Code of ethics These include age and gender, race and religion discrimination and sexual harassment and it is mandatory for the HR Department of Cool Sounds to make sure a fair treatment of employees. Employees know that they are safe and they can approach someone in case they are unfairly treated by anyone. Legal issues The HR Department should act as a negotiator and works to establish cooperation between the legal entities, regulatory agencies, supervisors and employees to properly address and determine the issue prevailing. BUILDING WINNING TEAMS. The culture followed by an organization highlights its personality. Culture basically comprises of the assumptions, the values and norms of an organization, the financial position of the organization and about its members and their behaviors. Whenever a new member is added to an organization, they don’t take much time to study and learn about the type of culture being followed by an organization. However, every organization has its different culture and although new employees may take time to adjust but they soon get to know about it and work accordingly and the culture of an organization makes an organization different from others. The culture an organization adopts should be such that it should be accepted by all the employees and it basically helps to understand the human system in an organization and there are basically two types of challenges a culture has to overcome. Once an employee joins an organization, he has to get accustomed to its culture effectively and only those who can adopt it well can survive. After the employees adopt the culture, it leads to a collective learning process creating shared assumption and beliefs. Team learning This refers to the learning that develops the ability in a team to create the results expected and desired by the other members. It further builds personal mastery and shared vision. Team learning leads to good results and growth becomes more rapid. Team learning is dependent on the type of members a team consists of and the way they think and take the other members. (Kline SaCool Soundsders 1997). Problematic areas One of the major problems being faced by the HR department is because of the diversified workforce at an organization. Many people feel uncomfortable to working with people of a different age, sex, or culture. Despite the fact that employing people from different groups is good but it can lead to a clot of conflicts. The management has to manage a diversified workforce effectively or it can effect employee satisfaction and productivity negatively and the employees who recognize themselves as valued members of their organization are more diligent, concerned, and innovative and this tends them to work harder. Another problem can be the economic unrest prevailing. People from diversified groups would be having different definition of ambition. The outcome of ambition is mostly unpredictable, some ambitions begun in selflessness end in rancor; others begun in selfishness end in large-heartedness. It can at times be uncontrollable as well and some people may not be able handle ambition serving it as a grief to others. It also leads to jealousy. Other than that, people might opt any way to achieve their goals and these might be unlawful as well. Team Charter †¢ Policy formulation – It is essential for the employees to obey the set of rules and policies set by Cool Sounds as this is essential so that proper regulation can be maintained at the work place. (Christensen Irwin 1976) Knowledge Management – It relates to the programs such as the objectives of the organizations, creating ways to improve the performance of the employees, developing a competitive advantage and creating innovation. (Evans 2003). †¢ Ethics – this is the most important area of philosophy is about right conduct and good life and is considerably broader than the common idea of analyzing right and wrong. †¢ Customer Satisfaction – Serving the customers well. Team roles identified by Belbin These roles are identified on the basis of the behaviour of the people when they work in teams and these have a great impact on their performance as well. The roles that Beblin identified are mentioned below. Action Oriented Role †¢ Implementer – the role of the implementer is to translate the ideas and the decisions of the team into actions that can be managed. †¢ Shaper – his role is rather goal directed and more challenging as he has to overcome obstacles and work under great pressure. †¢ Completer/Finisher – the basic task of the completer is to meet deadlines. People Skills Oriented Role †¢ Co-ordinator – facilitates interaction as well as decision making. †¢ Teamworker – it is vital for the teammaker to listen attentively to his team members, to be collaborative and to cooperate with them. Resource Investigator – developing contacts, have excellent communications skills and exploring new ideas are the basic roles played by a resource investigator. Cerebral/Intellectual Role †¢ Planter – his basic goal is to solve problems. †¢ Monitor/Evaluator â⠂¬â€œ having good judgemental and thinking skills are essential for an evaluator. †¢ Specialist – constant learning and building knowledge. The ideas that are proposed by the team members should be implemented in the store if they are feasible. For instance, in the case of Cool Sounds, both the shaper as well as the completer is important so that the store can do its best. To make the store operate in a better way, it would be good to discuss ideas with the team members so that new things can be implemented and this would give a competitive edge to the store. Moreover, it is also vital for the planter to solve problems and negotiate with the team members in order to keep things going in an orderly manner and to avoid conflicts. LEADERSHIP Leadership is basically the process of social influence in which one particular person is able to help and support the others in order to accomplish a common task. It is also about creating something that could help out the people achieve something that is extraordinary. There are a lot of leadership theories proposed by many theorists. Leadership style is the manner or approach of providing direction; implementing plans and motivating people and according to Kurt Lewin, the 19th Century German psychologist suggested three different styles of leadership. All three styles of leadership can be used by Cool Sounds depending on the type of the employees they have hired. (Kouzes Posner 2008) Styles of Leadership 1. Authoritarian /autocratic – Such leaders have full authority to take decisions and are preferred by such employees who need close supervision in order to complete the tasks assigned to them. Northhouse 2006). 2. Participative or democratic – Such leadership involves including the employees in decision making, however the final decision is taken by the leader. 3. Delegate of Free reign – The leader permits the employees to make decisions for them. However, in any event leaders are the ones who are actually responsible for a ll their decisions. This style is usually used where employees are few and have greater awareness. (Lee 1991). Skills in leaders The leaders are the ones who should encourage their juniors to suggest ideas that could lead to creativity and innovation. The employees should be rewarded, supported and proper amalgamation should be provided for the processes. Fund learning should be encouraged. This can be done by prioritizing it into budgets and work plans and to make it accessible to the employees or it would be of no use. Trust and respect should be placed on all the levels of the organization. Free communication and personalization should be allowed. Constant training or at least monthly or yearly training programs should be held for all the staff to keep on learning new things. The return on investment should be taken care of. The employees should know how much they are contributing to the company. These are some more factors that could help UN to retain their current employees. (Leat 2001). In order to manage conflicts, the leaders should use conflict management i. e. an amalgamation of different processes that aids in eliminating the sources of conflict and these processes includes negotiation, mediation and diplomacy and dispute resolution or alternative dispute resolution are other terms for conflict resolution. Motivational techniques Empowerment It facilitates the process of making choices and translating these choices into decisions by enhancing the choice making abilities of involved individuals and groups. As a result of this empowerment, individual and collective assets are created which are crucial to the efficiency of organizational and institutional development which controls the utilization of these assets. (Schein 1993) Equity theory This is all about how satisfied an employee is regarding the distribution of resources. The theory was proposed by John Stacy Adams in 1962 and he said that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs and the outcomes. Everyone expects to be fairly treated and this keeps them motivated to stay in an organization. This theory is basically based on the ratio of inputs (contribution made by employees) to the outcomes (behaviors and contribution of the employees). This theory would be useful for Cool Sounds because it describes the relationship between the level of motivation that an employee has and the way he receives equitable or inequitable treatment. This relationship is basically between the employee and the employer. With this, the issue to comparison arises as what the employees do is that they compare their input and outcome with that of the others. The inputs mainly are the time the employee gives to accomplish a task, his expertise experience and skills, etc. however, the outcomes are the monetary compensation such as the benefits the employees receive and likewise. Therefore, it can affect the morale, efficiency, productivity, and turnover of the employees at the organization. Furthermore, there are certain assumptions of this theory when it is being applied to a business. For instance, if an employee expects a fair return for her contribution and by comparing her input and outcomes or is not being fairly treated. This comparison is called social comparison and this discourages the employees badly and if the management does not work on it and the result of this would be that the employees will start distorting their inputs as well as the outputs. Therefore, the organization must ensure that they take care of all this in future. Expectancy theory This is basically about choice and the way in which people make choices. It is a motivation theory and was proposed by Victor Vroom. In this theory, the level of motivation of the employees is expected to rise when they put more efforts to do the tasks they are assigned to do and this makes them do better work and this leads to organizational rewards that are valued by the employees. Two things that the expectancy theory emphasizes is the self-interest of the rewards that the employees want and how the employees behave with reference to it. According to this theory, the behaviour of the employees is a result from conscious choices among alternatives. The sole purpose of this theory is to maximize pleasure and reduce the pain involved in completing a task. This theory is based on three concepts that results in motivation. 1. Valence – this is what an employee prefers for a particular outcome and the employee must be motivated to prefer to attain an outcome than the idea of not attaining it. 2. Instrumentality – the extent to which a first level outcome leads to the second level. . Expectancy – Probability that an action will lead to the first level outcome. Therefore, Cool Sounds must use proper reward systems making sure that the performance of the employees is measured properly. WORK AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS As the store would be divided into various sections that must function effectively, some work activities need to be analyzed. For this, it is important for the leaders to plan out things for each department efficiently and motivate the employees of the respective department to perform well. The development needs of an employee can be identified by doing performance appraisal and it would also help to identify the effectiveness of the activities. Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is done for the purpose of promotions. It is the assessments of an employee’s performance. It serves for administrative and developmental purposes. Administrative purpose provides information for making salary, promotion, lay-off decisions and documentation. Developmental purpose can be used to diagnose training needs and career planning. Cool Sounds appraises its employees because feedback and coaching based on appraisal information provide the basis for improving day-to-day performance. (Perlmutter, Bailey Netting 2000). Results Appraisal Cool Sounds should appraise its employees’ performance. Results appraisals tend to be more objective and can focus on production data such as sales volumes or profits. Management by Objectives A process in which objective set by subordinate and supervisor must be reached within a given time period. This is another name given to â€Å"Results appraisal. † Aim of MBO. Cool Sounds must use MBO to achieve a set of goals that is clear, specific and reachable, and when managers want to empower employees to adapt their behavior as they deem necessary in order to achieve desired results. The standard of performance at Cool Sounds should be based on job analysis after which performance standards should be notified to its employees. (Morgan 1997). Managers and Supervisors Cool Sounds should also use its managers and supervisors as a source of appraisal information because they are often in a best position to observe an employees performance. Internal and External Customers Cool Sounds should use its internal and external customers as sources of performance appraisal information and it is a good idea for employees to evaluate their own performance. 360-Degree Appraisal Cool Sounds should also use multiple sources of appraisal to gain a comprehensive perspective of one’s performance because each source of performance appraisal information has some limitations, and different people may see different aspects of performance. 60-degree appraisal is beneficial and would be accepted by employee if not linked with increments. (Frappaolo 2006). Performance Appraisal Interview Employees want to know how they are doing, but typically they are comfortable about getting feedback. Cool Sounds should conduct performance appraisal interviews thoughtfully and must summarize the employees’ specific performance, and then supports the employees who are not performing well and appreciates those whose performances are good. Conclusion. Therefore, it is essential for Cool Sounds to take care of the employees they select and recruit because the employees serve as an asset of an organization and so it is a must for them to retain them as well. Moreover, they must also manage the teams well and good leadership skills are essential to make the employees work well. Conducting performance appraisal is also necessary as it can help Cool Sounds find out the level of performance of the employees and how they can further improve their performance. (Lewis 2003). How to cite Working with and Leading People, Papers

Computer Role in Entertainment the Arts - Essay free essay sample

How will my leisure activities be affected by information technology? Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to delegating. It is also being used In the arts, from painting to photography. Lets consider Just two examples, music and film. Computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web are standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head and in the process are changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry.Because of their high overhead, major record labels typically need a band to sell half million CDC in order to be profitable, but independent bands, using online marketing, can be reasonably successful selling 20,000 or 30,000 albums. Team Love. A small music label established In 2003. Found It could promote Its first two bands, Till and the Wall and Wily Mason, by offering songs online free for Dowling-?transferring data from a remote computer to ones own computer-?so that people could listen to them before paying $12 for a CD. It also puts videos online for sharing and uses quirky websites to reach fans. Theres something exponential going on, says one of Team Loves founders. The more music thats downloaded, the more It sells. Many Independent musicians are also using the Internet to get their music heard, hoping that giving away songs will help them build audiences4 The web also offers sources for instantly downloaded sheet music. One research engineer has devised a computerized scoring system for Judging musical competitions that overcomes the traditional human-jury approach, which can he swayed by personalities and. Allophonic and a Spanish company, Polyphonic, has created Hit Song Science software, which they say can analyze the hit potential of ewe songs by, according to one description, reference to a finely parsed universe of attributes derived from millions of past songs. As for movies, now that blockbuster movies routinely meld live action, and animation, computer artists are in big demand. The 1999 film Star Wars: Episode l, for instance, had fully 1,965 digital shots out of about 2,200 shots.Even when film was used, it was scanned Into computers to be tweaked with animated effects, lighting, and the like. Inure beings were created on computers by artists working on designs developed by producer George Lucas and his chief artist. Answer ere sources of entertainment has evolved down the ages. But human beings search for entertainment and things that could amuse him or her has been existing since time immemorial. One of the latest form of entertainment for the present civilization IS computers.With inbuilt and loaded computer games, availability of software Inch allow you to paint, listen to music, watch videos, movies and also allow you to create music or videos or movies; computer has really become a major source of entertainment for the people who are computer savvy or at least computer literate. Other than this, the obvious source of entertainment on computers is the internet Inch not Just connects you to the rest of the world but also allows you to find your amusement right at home. Chat rooms allow us to connect with like minded people and discuss with them about our favorite topics.Messengers also allow us to connect to your friends across the world and talk to them. Websites which carry news and other matters related to entertainment become a major source. Online games allow us to play with other people who have access to that game in a virtual world, Nile we are all seated in our own room in front of our PCs. Innumerable examples of internet as an entertainment source can be quoted. Now with Microsoft and Google promising to built the complete virtual structures of any city in the world on the internet, people would not have to travel to those people on holidays in order to explore and enjoy the city. They Just have to log on to the Google World or the buildings and even make purchase while they are gossiping about the prices with the other customers in the shops. Now can there be any doubt that computers are a main source of entertainment and amusement in this generation? Computer Games Entertainment ere computer games and entertainment business is a fast growing multi-billion dollar worldwide business, with games platforms ranging from Palpitation 3, Oxbow 360, Nintendo WI, mobile and handheld including phone, pad and Android phones, PC-based, and massively multilayer online games (OMG) involving tens of thousands of people.Ninth ongoing strong demand for graduate computer games programmers from the UK and abroad, this Ms will produce graduates who are well positioned to get a Job this exciting worldwide industry. Potential employers include EAI, Ubiquitous, Sony, Activation, Microsoft, Scientists, Firestorm, and many more. In a wider sense, the influence of computer games prog ramming is spreading to Life, Hobo Hotel and Bebop, or as seen in other entertainment industries such as special effects for television, videos and movies. Computer games are starting to fundamentally change the way people interact with computerized systems.Computers isnt limited to the areas where we most expect to find it such as business and industry. Its also being widely used in entertainment and arts world. These are almost as Sports: If there is a perfect way to pitch a ball, execute a spin on the ice, or take off from ski Jump, computers can find it. By analyzing the motions of the best athletes, sports trainers and kinetic specialists establish profiles. Other athletes can compare themselves to those profiles and try to improve their own styles and moves.Thus computer can be taken as a crucial element now in entertainment industry, Math more and more multimedia content being planned, and built many applications as there are entertainers and artists. People look forward to the entertainment for recreation, so that they can reduce their stress and strains of their complex machine like schedules. All our traditional entertainment utilities like music, movies, sports, games, etc. Are now affected by IT, one can have all these services, sitting at home and enjoying themselves. Amputees are used in entertainment to create or enhance a production or performance. The tools have become so sophisticated that its becoming almost impossible to distinguish between the real and the artificial in the film and the photography. Movies: {o question the importance of Computers in the film industry? With the aid of biophysicist graphics and animation packages the special effect technicians can create any illusion. Computers help in improving productivity by automating time consuming, repetitive and monotonous processes.They give the movie makers a lot by giving them the power to create the kind of special effects they want. Computers are widely used to create special effects in Big Budget movies. They are also extensively used behind the scenes to edit film during the production process. Scanners are generally used to help create complex twisting motions. New movies are developed using computer graphics, animations etc. Which resemble real life events, thus reducing cost as well as time involved in the making of such movies. Music: The use of technology in the world of music is an unavoidable fact.Any musical composition that we hear today goes through a technological process at some point. Music allows you to edit recorded music or even create your own. With the computer connected to a stereo or synthesizer, you can be your own composer and audience. 30th artist and sound engineers are finding novel applications for computer in their Nor. There are lot of Music Composition languages that provide ways to create USIA on a computer some are Music, Symbolic, Composer, Fugue and so on which run on different platforms.Animations: In earlier days, Bugs and Bunny, the road Runner, were laboriously hand drawn in the hundred of the thousands of frame needed for each cartoon but now computers are doing much of the repetitions work. The computer can create outer space, alien characters, and extinct-animals and so on without the need of creating their physical models. The filmmaker then integrates these backgrounds and characters with the real characters seamlessly. Example is Jurassic Park.

The rapid evolution of a style characterized by ca Essay Example For Students

The rapid evolution of a style characterized by ca Essay nvases filled with swirling, bright colors depicting people and nature is the essence of Vincent Van Goghs extremely prolific but tragically short career. Vincent Willem van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853, in Holland, son of a Dutch Protestant pastor and eldest of six children. His favorite brother Theo was four years younger. When Vincent was twelve to sixteen years old, he went to a boarding school.That next year he was sent to The Hague to work for an uncle who was an art dealer, but van Gogh was unsuited for a business career.Actually, his early interests were in literature and religion. Very dissatisfied with the way people made money and imbued with a strong sense of mission, he worked for a while as a lay preacher among proverty-stricken miners.Van Gogh represented the religious society that trained him in a poor coal-mining district in Belgium. Vincent took his work so seriously that he went without food and other necessities so he could give more to the poor.The missionary society objected to Vincents behavior and fired him in 1879. Heartsick, van Gogh struggled to keep going socially and fin!ancially, yet he was always rejected by other people, and felt lost and forsaken. Then, in 1880, at age 27, he became obsessed with art. The intensity he had for religion, he now focused on art. His early drawings were crude but strong and full of feeling: It is a hard and a difficult struggle to learn to draw well I have worked like a slave .His first paintings had been still lifes and scenes of peasants at work.That which fills my head and heart must be expressed in drawings and in picturesIm in a rage of work.In 1881, he moved to Etten. He very much liked pictures of peasant life and labor. Jean-Francois Millet was the first to paint this as a main theme and his works influenced van Gogh. His first paintings here were crude but improving. Van Goghs progress was interrupted by an intense love for his widowed cousin Kee Vos. On her decisive rejection of him he p ursued her to Amsterdam, only to suffer more humiliation. We will write a custom essay on The rapid evolution of a style characterized by ca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Anton Mauve, a leading member of the Hague school was a cousin of van Goghs mother. This opportunity to be taught by him encouraged van Gogh to settle in Den Hague with Theos support.When van Gogh left Den Hague in September 1883 for the northern fenland of Drenth, he did so with mixed feelings. He spent hours wandering the countryside, making sketches of the landscape, but began to feel isolated and concerned about the future. He had rented a little attic in a house but found it melancholy, and was depressed with the quality of his equipment. Everything is too miserable, too insufficient, too dilapidated. Physically and mentally unable to cope with these conditions any longer, he left for his parents new home in Nuenen in December 1883. Van Gogh had a phase in which he loved to paint birds and birds nests.This phase did not last long. It only lasted until his fathers death six months later. The Family Bible which he painted just before leaving his house for good, six months after h is fathers death in 1885, must have meant a great deal to him. Van Gogh had broken with Christianity when he was fired from the missionary which proved to be the most painful experience of his life, and one from which he never quite recovered. At Nuenen, van Gogh gave active physical toil a remarkable reality. Its impact went far beyond what the realist Gustave Corbet had achieved and beyond even the quasi-religious images of Jean-Francois Millet. He made a number of studies of peasant hands and heads before embarking on what would be his most important work at Nuenen. The pinnacle of his work in Holland was The Potato Eaters, a scene painted in April 1885 that shows the working day to be over. It was the last and most ambitious painting of his pre-Impressionist period, 1880-1885.When van Gogh painted the The Potato Eaters, he had not yet discovered the importance of color. Van Gogh went to Antwerp in November 1885, partly to escape local gossip. He vainly attempted to make money fr om painting portraits, townscapes, and trades mens signs. Then he enrolled at the Antwerp Academy to make use of the live models. Shortage of money led to van Goghs undernourishment and acute physical distress. When van Gogh enrolled at the Academy in January 1886, he had just finished drawings that one day would be compared to the masters. Although willing to learn, he astonished fellow students by refusing to abandon the rapidity and boldness of his own methods.Possibly because of this, he was downgraded to the beginner class and consequently he left for Paris to live with his brother. .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .postImageUrl , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:hover , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:visited , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:active { border:0!important; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:active , .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596 .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8cc32b67d7b8bbf9289a62ad6cf7d596:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Remember the Titans Paper Sample Essay It was through his brother Theo and an art gallery devoted to living artists that he discovered the Impressionists, and became familiar with the new art movements developing at the time. Before Paris, van Gogh had not even known who the Impressionists were.He admired pictures by Degas andMonet and through Toulouse-Lautrec he was in touch with the local members of the art world. He was also influenced by Japanese print makers.The Impressionists discovered Japanese prints long before van Goghs arrival. These prints influenced him in his use of harmonized color.Van Gogh pinned them on his walls, and they appear in the background of some of his paintings. While refining his technique as painter in Paris, the home of the Impressionist school, he soon found that his real affinity was not for this school but for three men who had left their company to carry the torch of revolt a step further: for Cezanne, usually considered the most monstrous painter among the outcasts, for Gauguin, under the combined influence of Cezanne and of the Orient; and for Seraut, obsessed with experimental vision of art. Until 1886, he had only known the Dutch painters and a handful of French landscape painters including Millet and the Barbizon group. Now, for the first time, he saw work by Delacroix (whom he later said had more influence on him than the Impressionists) and by Pissaro, Czanne, Renoir and Sisley. Light, color and brilliance burst upon him. He went about the streets with a palette of bright colors, as delighted by the cosmopolitan bustle of the city as Manet, Monet, Renoir, and the others had been twenty years before him.Van G oghs Impressionist phase lasted two years. Although it was vitally important for his development, he had to integrate it with the style of his earlier years before his genius could fully unfold. Paris opened his eyes to the senses and beauty of the visible world and taught him the pictorial language of the color patch, but painting continued to be a vessel for his personal emotions. To investigate this spiritual reality with the ne!w means at this command, he went to Arles in the south of France. It was there, between 1888 and 1889, that he produced his greatest pictures.While Czanne and Seurat were making a more severe, classical art out of the impressionists style, van Gogh felt Impressionist art was pretty decorations and did nothing to evoke the sorrow of the human soul. He led the way in a different direction. He believed that impressionism did not allow the artist enough freedom to express his inner feelings. Since this was his main concern, he is sometimes called an expressio nist.Expressionism is the idea of emotional spontaneity in painting. The portrait of Dr. Gachet is a perfect example of his melancholy, proto-Expressionist late work.By setting certain colors side by side he achieved effects of unearthly splendor. To color he brought dignity and form, the opposite of the abstractions into which Monet was heading and which seemed the inevitable limit of Impressionist techniques. Van Gogh thought it was the color, not the form, that determined the expressive content of his pictures.Three painters of genius emerged, overlapping the Impressionists in time and manner, whose names have become synonymous with the post-Impressionists movement: Cezanne, Gauguin, and van Gogh. Between them they set European painting on a path which turned Impressionism into something solid and durable, like the art of the museums, a return in effect, to the main stream, but with minds alight with discovery and purpose. These three, as well as Mile Bernard who was a friend of van Gogh, all believed in the importance of color!to express the state of mind of the model represented.Work of the Post-Impressionists reveals a freely expressive use of color and form. In 1888, while living at Arles, he began to use the swirling brush strokes and intense yellows, greens, and blues. He loved bright colors especially yellow because of the sun which was bright in southern France and he painted what he saw and felt.He painted in colors with bright hues and high value.Vincent would sometimes put paints on his canvas with his palette knife or right from the tube and mix it around with his fingers which would make it quite coarse. In Arles he attached the greatest importance to his portraits, although he also painted many landscapes.Later, in 1890, he devoted his main energy to landscape painting. In southern France van Gogh lived for a time with Paul Gauguin, whom he had met in Paris. But after two months they had violent arguments, culminating in a quarrel in which va n Gogh threatened Gauguin with a razor. The same night, in a deep remorse, van Gogh cut off part of his own ear. This episode marked the beginning of a periodic insanity that plagued him until his death. On May 8, 1889, he was admitted to St. Rmy Hospital as a voluntary patient. Dr. Peyron interviewed him and entered in the register that van Gogh Suffers from fits which last from fifteen days to a month. During these fits the patient is victim to terrifying terrors and on several occasions has attempted to poison himself.During the intervals between fits he is perfectly quiet and paints ardently.He was possibly having a seizure when he threatened to kill Paul Gauguin. Since his death, investigators have come to feel that his fits were due to epilepsy.Despairing of a cure and fearing !he would no longer be able to paint, van Gogh committed suicide in July 1890. He felt very deeply that art alone made his life worth living. We know a good deal about his inner life as a result of a mas sive, stirring and deeply moving autobiography in the form of hundreds of letters written to his brother Theo.The letters he sent to his brother include many eloquent descriptions of his choice of hues and the emotional meaning he attached to them. In one of his letters to Theo he wrote the following: I do not intend to spare myself, nor to avoid emotions or difficulties Idont care much whether I live a longer or shorter timeThe world concernsme insofar as I feel a certain indebtedness and duty toward it because I have walked this earth for thirty years, and, out of gratitude, want toleave some souvenir in the shape of drawings and pictures not made to pleasea certain taste in art, but to express a sincere human feeling. I feel that he succeeded.

Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essays

Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essays Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essay Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essay Jointery encapsulates the ways and agencies by which military forces enhances joint operations, efficaciously synchronising the activities of the sea, land and air, constantly as portion of a transnational force, each to play to its peculiar strengths Joint Doctrine Team, British Joint Services Command and Staff College ( JSCSC ) 1. Higher Directives. The employment of military assets is based on a higher directive made by the authorities. The Union War Book is one such papers which provides the guidelines in footings of the functions of each service. The overall duty for air defense mechanism of the state is vested with the IAF as per the Union War Book and applies clearly to the radio detection and ranging web, surface to air systems and combatant undertakings thereof[ 1 ]. The war book nevertheless does non clarify the envisaged employability of the conveyance and chopper fleet towards protecting the sovereignty of the state. The employment of these assets has been included in the Air Force philosophy and their acquisition thereof is planned on this footing. The conveyance aircraft are being centrally controlled at the highest possible nevertheless the chopper assets due to their versatility are being controlled at the bid and tactical degree. This type of control nevertheless frequently leads to a percept ual experience of mis/underutilization of these assets by the other services for whom they are often tasked. In add-on a deficiency of wide guidelines on the employment of the chopper assets available with all military and civil bureaus has lead to patch meal procurance and uneffective use particularly during times of crisis like catastrophe alleviation. 2. Though the demand of the IAF as an independent entity has been established in the range, the function of its chopper fleet and efficaciousness in back uping the surface forces as an built-in but foreign arm has to be studied before any judgement on its ownership can be passed. The ground forces air power is besides actively employed in augmenting the IAF choppers. In some instances the ground forces air power has been more effectual than their IAF counterparts largely due to handiness and acquaintance with the land operations. Hence the efficaciousness of the IAF choppers in support of the land forces is frequently questioned. This has led to fierce fanatism, leaching finally to the lowest degree, as a consequence of the inherent aptitude of guarding 1s ain sod kicking in[ 2 ]. Unfortunately this has non benefitted the joint capacity edifice of the chopper fleet of the Indian armed forces. Furthermore, the chopper assets have been distributed to provide for the specific service de mands and are employed in their specific functions. The chopper strength and functions in brief are discussed below for all the three services to. Indian Air Force The IAF has near to 340 choppers of assorted beginning and another 96 ( 59 M17 A ; V5, 22 AH64D and 15 CH47F ) to be procured from outside the state, in add-on to the 62 ( 37 ALH Mk III/IV A ; 25 LCH ) to be the produced indigenously[ 3 ]. The older choppers like the Mi-8 and Chetak are likely to be replaced by modern-day choppers like the Eurocopter Fennec and Mi-17V5. The Mi-8 is besides being replaced for its VVIP function by the Augusta Westland EH101. These choppers are being used in support of the surface forces in assorted functions. The IAF choppers are being used to regularly in support of the ground forces involved in contending terrorists in the northern and naxals in the cardinal part. Additionally the IAF assets are besides being used to keep their stations in the inhospitable terrain of the northern and eastern parts. These choppers carry out peace clip and back up operations like Casualty Evacuation, Search and Rescue, Route Transport Role, etc, and can besides be employed in violative or war clip functions which include Particular Heli Borne Operations ( SHBO ) , Suppression of Enemy Air Defence ( SEAD ) and Battlefield Air Strikes ( BAS ) missions. Indian Army s Aviation Corp. In 1984, the Indian Army s Northern Command inducted the HAL Cheetah into the Siachen Glacier. The temerarious pilots were put to the ultimate trial professionally and besides in footings of human endurance. In 1986, the Air Observation Post units were transferred from the Air Force to the Army to organize the Army Aviation subdivision[ 4 ].A Thereafter the ground forces air power assets have seen extended deployment in cragged and high height terrain for over the crest line observation for reconnaissance by field commanding officers, way of heavy weapon fire and rapid move of commanding officers to the forward stations which are hard to entree, make handiness of choppers a necessity. Speedy casualty emptying from unaccessible countries, both in war and peace conditions, needed rotary wing attempt near by and on call. Hence, a demand was felt for a dedicated air power attempt for every Infantry/Mountain Division[ 5 ]. The corp operates with about 158 he lciopters which include the Advance Light Helicopter ( ALH ) , Chetak and Cheetah Helicopter[ 6 ]. The Army now wants one onslaught chopper squadron ( 10-12 choppers ) for its three work stoppage formations 1 Corps ( Mathura ) , 2 Corps ( Ambala ) and 21 Corps ( A Bhopal ) in maintaining with their primary violative function. Furthermore, it has programs to invest another 114 Rudra visible radiation combat choppers for the 10 pivot corps[ 7 ]. The Army is acute to spread out its AAC and is investing pilots and applied scientists on a lasting footing into this arm. Indian Navy Air Arm. TheA Indian Naval Air Arm, formulated in 1953, A is a subdivision ofA Indian NavyA which is tasked to supply an aircraft bearer based work stoppage capableness, fleet air defense mechanism, nautical reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. IT operates near to 108 helciopters like the Sea King, Ka-28/31, ALH, Chetak amongst others[ 8 ]. These choppers are stationed in the assorted Naval Air Bases and positioned on the ships as per demands. However, non all types of ships in the Indian Navy can run with these choppers. While the larger ships like the fleet oilers, destroyers and the frigates are capable of runing all the IN choppers, the smaller ships like the corvettes and the patrol vass are limited to runing with the light choppers like the Chetak or the ALH. On the other manus the Amphibious Warfare Vessels like INS Jalashwa and the Aircraft bearers are capable of runing with heavier choppers than those presently with the Indian Navy[ 9 ]. The Indian Navy be sides intents to augment its chopper fleet by command for the extremely powerful NH-90 chopper which has a multi function and multi mission capableness. 4. It is evident that the air arm of the Army and the Navy are being augmented to provide for service specific demands. However, this attack has lead to patch repast procurances which lacks the kernel of jointry in it. Hence, the hurdlings to accomplishing a genuinely joint capableness will hold to be overcome when set against the inevitable fiscal and resource restraint and the inactiveness inherent in our individual service ethos and preparation[ 10 ]. Chapter III Current Training STRUCTURE OF HELICOPTER PILOTS Organize as we intend to run and develop as we intend to contend Royal air force Warfare Centre 1. Joint preparation of forces is the most of import tool to guarantee synergism in functionality and procedure. Since independency the three services have grown and developed their preparation substructure as per their perceived operational and preparation demands. This has in some instances been created at great cost even though the equipment is similar[ 11 ]. The Kargil Committee Report therefore recommended that a survey be ordered to look at the optimisation of training resources among the three services. As per the commission, a feasibleness survey of transporting out joint preparation in those countries common to all three services should hold been worked out. However, the commission restricted its recommendations providing for the sensitivenesss of three services. Hence their appraisal was restricted to commit preparation and ignored the operational articulation preparation facets. Hence, though the Chetak is the common basic chopper preparation aircraft for all three servi ces, they have established different preparation centres for the basic preparation of their air crew. The pros and cons of this sort of set up are discussed below: Professionals. ( I ) Service Specific Training and Assessment. Each service has specific and alone demands from its pilots which guides its developing Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP s ) . The naval forces would anticipate the pilot to be more comfy with instrument winging and usage of the Radio Altimeter ( RADALT ) for measuring position, while the IAF teacher in the absence of an altimeter, enterprises to instill the visual winging wonts in his trainees. Hence, the appraisal standards would of course be varied for all the three services. A service specific preparation Centre would hence be the natural pick, even though the chopper developing facets between the ground forces and air force could do combined preparation academy a executable option, the lone difference being that the Army besides trains on the Cheetah chopper. ( two ) Maintenance and Administration. A joint preparation Centre of this nature and size would imply feverish care and administrative activities. With the absence of a joint logistics or developing bid these facets are likely to endure as the distribution of responsibilities to the three services would a moot point due to miss of legal power of a service specific bid on the other services. The OEM support nevertheless, would be more extroverted as the Chetak aircraft is overhauled for all the three services by the Hindustan Aeronautical Limited ( HAL ) ( three ) Irrelevance of Coordination. Since there is no joint preparation it is obvious that no coordination required between the officer developing academies of the three services. Since the bing system of single preparation bids is non contributing for joint preparation, this type of set up is preferred. Cons. The inauspicious effects of service specific preparation is more apparent in the ulterior old ages of service of an person as an out semen of the facets discussed below. Lack of Exposure. The pilots though winging the same machine have limited cognition about the extra functions in which the same chopper is being employed. This compartmentalisation in the formulative old ages leads to limited apprehension of the complete capableness of the aircraft. An IAF pilot is non exposed to the challenges of deck landing which could greatly better his winging accomplishments, the same manner a naval pilot would profit by set downing in high height helipads. Restrictions on Op Roles. As an result of the deficiency of exposure and limited cognition of the chopper restricts the imaginativeness of the pilots particularly as staff assignment which finally leads to restriction on the functions the aircraft is perceived to be capable of. The limitation on individual pilot operations in the ( ALH ) despite its capableness is one such illustration. Turf Issues. Since the pilots of the three services winging the same chopper have neither undergone the same initial degree nor advanced operational preparation they carry misplaced perceptual experience an thoughts of the others capableness. This perceptual experience if carried frontward into the senior degrees leads to turf wars, which has inauspicious branchings on the joint capableness of the services. 2. Both the ground forces and the naval pilots are voluntaries who leave their chief steam responsibilities for air power. The ground forces has late started investing officers straight into the AAC due to the increased demand for choppers. The officers who were sidelined while being the air power cell would now are able to come on in their calling even as a pilot. The mainstream officers of both the services at times hold biass against the air power subdivision due to miss of apprehension of their operation. These biass do be even within the IAF nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits itself subdivision specific and swift wise. Since the AAC merely has choppers their pilots are trained straight on the Chetak at the Basic Flying Training School ( BFTS ) Allahabad, Combat Army Aviation Training School ( CATS ) , Nashik and Rotary Wing Academy ( RWA ) , Bangalore. The first being run by the aIAF, the 2nd by the Army and the RWA is a civil winging school run by HAL. The Navy and the Air Force trainees are trificated into the combatant, conveyance and chopper watercourse after the first semester of winging developing on the basic trainer. While the naval conveyance and combatant trainees get trained by the air force, the chopper pilots proceed along with the Coast Guard trainees, for a six months developing to their Helicopter Training School ( HTS ) at INS Rajali, Arakkonam. The chopper pilots of IAF undergo phase I developing in HTS, Hakimpet, followed by phase II preparation either at Yelahanka on the Mi- 8 or in HTS itself. Stage III preparation is carried out at the several units later, though finally it will be conducted in a Mi-17V5 preparation squadron being set up at Air Force Station, Sarsawa. It is apparent hence that the IAF has dedicated assets and manpower to guarantee effectual and efficient basic and operational preparation of its chopper pilots. This would guarantee that a pilot is conflict ready when he reaches an operational squadron and the limited attempt is spent towards his transition. However, despite all this attempt the joint facet of operational preparation is still found wanting. The advantages of initial joint preparation has been expressed by General Henry Viccellio, US Air Froce, The advantage of inter services initial skill developing include take downing costs as redundancies are reduced, downsizing the overall substructure, furthering squad work and fostering jointness by exposing pupils to interservice duologue early in their callings[ 12 ] . Chapter IV Consequence OF APACHE ATTACK AND CHINOOK HEAVY LIFT HELICOPTER ON FUTURE INTEGRATED THEATRE BATTLES At higher degrees of war, success is largely a map of planning and allotment forces and resources to missions -Gen Robert.W. RisCassi US Army The Apache AH-64D and Chinook CH-47F choppers have been selected through a competitory command procedure as the hereafter onslaught and heavy lift helicopter severally to be procured by the IAF. These choppers have been used extensively during the Iraq and Afghanistan struggles. It is pertinent to observe that these machines have been often upgraded since their initial initiation to integrate the latest technological promotion in them. To be able to analyze the consequence that these machines would hold on the hereafter integrated conflict environment we need to cognize its capablenesss in comparing to the such type of choppers already bing with the IAF. A table comparing the public presentation informations of the Apache with the Mi-35 NPS and the Chinook with the Mi-26T is placed below to supply an penetration into their capablenesss. The Chinook is a 25 Ton category tandem rotor chopper and can non be compared with any other production chopper as it is the lone one of its weight c ategory. However, comparing based on public presentation can be made to some extent with the 34 ton category CH-53E super Stallion and the 55 ton category Mi-26T, as these autumn under the class of Heavy Lift Helicopters ( HLH ) . HLH can be considered as those choppers capable of raising more than 10 dozenss. Though there are other choppers like the Pave Low and Sea Stallion ( both CH-53 discrepancies ) which are of 20 ton category, they can non be considered as heavy lift due to their utile burden bound of lone 3-5 dozenss like IAF s Mi-8/17/17IV/V5. The Apache is a province of the art chopper with the latest avionics and weapon systems incorporated in it. Though it can non be compared to the aging Mi-35 Gunship, it is of import to measure the quantum leap in combat potency that will be accrued with the initiation of the Apache chopper. These comparings are generic to the type of chopper and there would be seeable differences between the discrepancies chiefly in avionics and arm s ystems. Table 1. Comparison Between Present and Future Heavy Lift and Attack Helicopters of the IAF. Chinook[ 13 ] Mi-26T[ 14 ] Apache[ 15 ] Mi-35NPS*[ 16 ] Numbers built 1,200 ( Approx ) Military Operators 21 Cost Approx US $ 40 Million Crew: A 3 ( pilot, co-pilot, flight applied scientist ) Capacity: 33-55 troopsA or 24 litters and 3 attenders 28,000A pound ( 12,700A kilogram ) lading Length: A 30.1A m Rotor diameter: A 18.3A m Height: A 5.7A m Disc country: A 260A M2 Empty weight: A 23,400A pound ( 10,185A kilogram ) Max. takeoff weight: A 50,000A pound ( 22,680A kilogram ) Powerplant: A 2X3,631A kilowatt Maximal velocity: A 315A kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 240A kilometers per hour Scope: A 741A kilometer ( extendible to 1400km with Auxiliary armored combat vehicles ) Service ceiling: A 18,500A foot ( 5,640A m ) Disc burden: A 9.5A lb/ft2A ( 47A kg/m2 ) Numbers built 320 ( Approx ) Military Operators 13 Cost Approx US $ 44 Million ( T2 Variant ) Crew: A Five- 2 pilots, 1 sailing master, 1 flight applied scientist, 1 flight technician ( Mi-26T2 besides requires 3 crew ) Capacity: 90 troopsA orA 60 stretchers 20,000 kilogram lading ( 44,090 pound ) Length: A 40.025 m Rotor diameter: A 32.00m Height: A 8.145 m Disc country: A 804.25A m2A Empty weight: A 28,200 kilogram ( 62,170 pound ) Max. takeoff weight: A 56,000 kilogram ( 123,450 pound ) Powerplant: A 2X8,500kW Maximal velocity: A 295 kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 255 kilometers per hour Scope: A 1,920 kilometer ( with subsidiary armored combat vehicles ) Service ceiling: A 4,600 m ( 15,100 foot ) Disc burden: 14.5A lb/ft2 ( 71.7 kg/mA? ) A Numbers built 1,200 ( Approx ) Military Operators 12 Cost Approx US $ 20 Million Crew: A 2 ( pilot, and co-pilot/gunner ) Length: A 17.73 m Rotor diameter: A 14.63 m Height: A 12.7 foot ( 3.87 m ) Disc country: A 168.11 mA? Empty weight: A 11,387 pound ( 5,165 kilogram ) Max. takeoff weight: A 23,000 pound ( 10,433 kilogram ) Powerplant: A 2X1,490 kilowatt Maximal velocity: A 293 kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 265 kilometers per hour Scope: A 476 kilometer Service ceiling: A 21,000 foot ( 6,400 m ) Disc burden: A 9.80 lb/ftA? ( 47.9 kg/mA? ) Numbers built 2,300 Mi-24 ( Approx ) Military Operators 50 Cost Approx US $ 20 Million Crew: A 2-3: pilot, arms system officer and technician ( optional ) Capacity: A 8 military personnels or 4 stretchers Length: A 17.5 m Rotor diameter: A 17.3 m Height: A 6.5 m ( 21 ft 3 in ) Disc country: A 235 mA? Empty weight: A 8,500 kilogram ( 18,740 pound ) Max. takeoff weight: A 12,000 kilogram ( 26,500 pound ) Powerplant: A 2X1,600kW Maximal velocity: A 335 kilometers per hour Cruise Speed: 270 kilometers per hour Scope: A 450 kilometer Service ceiling: A 4,500 m ( 14,750 foot ) Disc burden: A 10.4 lb/ftA? ( 51 kg/mA? ) * Specs for Mi-24 of which Mi-35 is a discrepancy with an attention deficit disorder on Night Packaging System ( NPS ) Table 2. Comparison Between Apache and Mi-35 NPS Armament. Apache Mi-35 NPS Armament Guns: A 1A-A 30 mmA ( 1.18 A in ) A M230 Chain GunA with 1,200 unit of ammunitions as portion of theA Area Weapon Subsystem Hardpoints: A Four pylon Stationss on the stub wings. Longbows besides have a station on each wingtip for an AIM-92 ATAS twin missile battalion. Rockets: A Hydra 70A 70 millimeter, andA CRV7A 70 millimeter air-to-surface projectiles Missiles: A TypicallyA AGM-114 HellfireA discrepancies ; A AIM-92 StingerA may besides be carried. Avionicss Lockheed MartinA /A Northrop GrummanA AN/APG-78A LongbowA fire-control radio detection and ranging Armament Guns 1 x 12.7 mm Yakushev-BorzovA Yak-BA Gatling gunA on most discrepancies. Maximum of 1,470 unit of ammunitions of ammo. Hardpoints: Four pylon Stationss on the stub wings. Wing-tip pylons can merely transport theA 9K114 ShturmA complex. UPK-23-250 gunpod transporting theA GSh-23L can be carried here. Rockets: B-8V20 a lightweight long tubed chopper version of theA S-8 rocketA launcher and S-24A 240 millimeter projectile Missiles: 9K114 ShturmA in braces on the outer and wingtip pylons Avionicss Radio bid linkA for the Shturm missile Heavy Lift Helicopter Comparisons The tabular array provides a statistical input on the capablenesss of the Chinook in comparing to the Mi-26 wherein its deficiency in its lift and scope capableness. However, certain qualitative facets of winging which are frequently evaluated by nipple pilots universe over called Handling Quality Requirements ( HQRs ) , clearly define the restriction of every machine in transporting out a peculiar undertaking. The Chinook is likely the lone chopper of its category to be able to carryout the pinnacle bead of military personnels and lading. This is a manoeuvre wherein the rear wheels of the chopper are in contact with the land while the forepart wheels are in air. It is by and large carried out when there is deficient set downing infinite for the chopper. The Chinook besides has the tandem burden transporting capacity wherein a heavy burden can be picked up as under slung lading by two Chinooks at the same time. The Chinook besides has the alone ternary hook characteristic enabling it to drop three different burden carried underslung to three different locations without set downing. Though the Chinook can at best carry merely half the weight carried by the Mi-26, it can guarantee that this burden can be dropped at the most inhospitable terrains without necessitating any extra substructure. This is why the Chinook is capable of transporting out SHBO operations like Small Team Insertion and Extraction ( STIE ) and halocasting unlike the Mi-26. 3. Due to its limited phonograph record burden, the downwash of the Chinook is minimum, giving it the capableness to run from Forward Area Refueling and Rearming Points ( FARRPs ) in the comeuppances and from Indian Navy ships like INS Jalashwa. These choppers are besides capable of pull outing Particular Forces in their rubberized boats from a H2O organic structure, a manoeuvre non possible on other choppers. The tolerance to traverse air currents due to its tandem rotors provides it huge manoeuvrability at low velocities and high denseness heights. The Chinook besides carries the similar lading burden as the Mi-26 at heights in surplus of 3 kilometers. With this public presentation and the pinnacle bead capableness this chopper has many assuring functions in the mountains in support of the ground forces. The Chinook is a alone chopper with really good developed Digital Automatic Flight Control System ( DAFEX ) which makes it really comfy to manage. Hence the Chinook chopper can be exploited in more ways than the Mi-26 in varied terrain of the Indian bomber continent and along with the Indian Navy ships. The CH-47G version of the Chinook is capable of transporting out Air to Air refueling from a C-130 oiler, nevertheless, neither of these have been contracted by the IAF. The ability to widen its scopes with air to air refueling will supply an expeditionary potency to our heli-lift capableness and may be considered if the political will and sagacity along with a alteration in mentality across the national security landscape occurs[ 17 ]. The scopes can presently be extended utilizing the Extended Range Fuel Tanks ( ERFS ) internally. The Chinook can besides be air transported on the C-17 Globemaster conveyance aircraft, shortly to be inducted into the IAF, giving the flexibleness to deploy these aircraft in far of parts in a short notice. Attack Helicopter Comparison 4. The Mi-35 was foremost inducted into active service in the twelvemonth 1972 as the Mi-24 while the Apache saw active service in 1983as AH-64A. The difference in vintage is apparent in the assorted systems and technological constructs which have been introduced in the Apache. Though the Mi-35 has been upgraded with the Night Package System ( NPS ) its public presentation and capableness do non fit that of the AH-64D. The AH-64D Longbow Apache is a remanufactured and upgraded version of the AH-64A Apache onslaught chopper. The primary alterations to the Apache are the add-on of a millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar ( FCR ) mark acquisition system, the fire-and-forget Longbow Hellfire air-to-ground missile, updated T700-GE-701C engines, and a fully-integrated cockpit. In add-on, the aircraft receives improved survivability, communications, and pilotage capablenesss. Three Apache choppers can be transported at any given clip in one C-17 Globemaster. The aircraft is besides capable of b eing transported and airdock stored below decks in the landing platform chopper ( LPH ) type bearer, Fast SeaLift ships, Roll-on/Roll-off dry lading ships which provides it the marine capableness in comparing to the Mi-35. The Apache with a service ceiling of 6.4 kilometer promises to present even in the high height trains in the North and the North East sectors. 5. The Apache features a Target Acquisition Designation Sight ( TADS ) and a Pilot Night Vision Sensor ( PNVS ) which enables the crew to voyage and carry on preciseness onslaughts in twenty-four hours, dark and inauspicious conditions conditions. The Apache can transport up to 16 Hellfire optical maser designated missiles. With a scope of over 8000 metres, the Hellfire is used chiefly for the devastation of armored combat vehicles, armoured vehicles and other difficult stuff marks like Radars. The AN/APG-78 FCR is a multi-mode Millimeter Wave ( MMW ) detector integrated on the Apache Longbow with the aerial and sender located above the aircraft chief rotor caput. It enhances Longbow system capablenesss by supplying rapid automatic sensing, categorization, and prioritization of multiple land and air marks. The radio detection and ranging provides this capableness in inauspicious conditions and under battleground obscurants[ 18 ]. This system gives the fire and bury capableness to th e chopper unlike the Mi-35 wherein the mark has to be contacted till the terminal phases of the missile. The scopes of the Apache can be improved utilizing the ERFS externally which is another characteristic non available in the Mi-35. Ferry ranges upto 1900km can be achieved with this system. The Apache 64D longbow is considered as one of the most powerful onslaught choppers in the universe today. Its base off capableness along with its enhanced survivability characteristics and rate of accurate fire would enable it to be used in multiple terrain and swing function missions with comparative easiness. These machines can besides be upgraded to command Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) platforms utilizing the onboard communicating system and is being tested and developed in the US. Theatre Battles of the Future 4. It is of import for us to understand the nature of future wars so as be prepared to contend from a place of advantage. It is emphasized in all military forums that joint operations are the non an algebraic amount of all the capablenesss of different constituents of military power but a means to accomplish exponential growing in combat power. However, each sort of war requires a different intervention which might necessitate a specialised preparation. There are assorted factors like International Relations, Economic factors and Human Resources which play an of import function in the result of any state of affairs[ 19 ]. The military must now be ready to project the needed degree of disincentive or force in required to accomplish the ultimate aim set by the political Masterss in an theater of conflict. There are besides military jussive moods which that define the restrictions in war like Nuclear Weapons and other military factors like political, economical and technological restrai nts[ 20 ]. Hence theatre conflicts of the hereafter are traveling to be governed by assorted factors based on the lessons drawn from wars in the past five decennaries and these are discussed below and all these point towards an integrated environment. Nature of Warfare. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982 were limited extremely intense and conventional. It clearly came out signifier these struggles that lack of coherence and synergism would finally take to uneffective and sometimes negative use of assets towards advancement of operation. This was apparent in the figure of aircraft lost to ain fire by the Egyptians in 1973. This was besides experienced in the Vietnam War wherein the jobs of each service running its ain air war in its theater became apparent when the control of the US air attempt was disastrously disconnected[ 21 ]. The United States made some corrections in the first Gulf War but still lost two onslaught choppers due to ain combatant aircraft fire. Subsequently, it has laid great accent on joint operations and developing for any spectrum of war or struggle. Today modern warfare has been characterized by joint expeditionary operations of one or more states[ 22 ], and if India intends to protect its st rategic involvements in other states it requires geting such capablenesss of its armed forces. Both the Chinook and the Apache have the capableness to be used in an expeditionary environment as proved in past struggles universe over. Technological Changes. Though the Indian armed forces are be aftering towards being a Capacity based force over a menace based one, it is but impossible to accomplish this position without the ability to manage the available engineering to accommodate 1s demand. This is the lone economical option for any Indian armed forces for merely in crisis do guns be given to outrank fat bags [ 23 ]and the India political category does non comprehend any crisis. The demand for integrating of latest engineering in all three weaponries is felt to rid of the projection of contradictory demands by the three services in their readying and behavior of modern wars[ 24 ]. This integrating needs to be encouraged at the tactical degree by carry oning regular joint preparation plans like in the HLH and Attack chopper. This is specially applicable in the instance of new choppers being procured for the IAF, wherein pilots of all three forces must be able to improvize its use so as to guarantee its optimal us e. Such a plan is being under taken in the signifier of the Joint Transport Rotorcraft ( JTR )

Research Proposal for Marketing in the Cruise Ship industry Essay

Research Proposal for Marketing in the Cruise Ship industry - Essay Example While the American cruise industry has had a head start, the European Cruise Council (ECC) claims that Europe recently has become the centre of gravity for the cruise industry of the world with a record of 4 million travellers. The United Kingdom has one of the largest sources of market for European cruises which has a share of 1.3 million passengers for the year 2007 (ETN, 2008). However, with the setting in of global recession, the UK cruise industry has also been hard hit with a fall in travellers overseas as compared to other countries in Europe. Companies which deal with cruise tours have been hard hit with no option but to continue with scheduled tours. Industrialists consider these situations grave, and are of the view that they should shut down supply by cancelling bookings. Others, owners of cruise lines such as Carnival, Seatrade, and MSC Cruises especially, are of the view that companies need to continue in order to survive the meltdown (holidayinsider.com, 2009). In such hard times, it is critical that companies change their approaches to management and marketing. This is a tricky business when considering the structure and operation of cruise businesses. By and large the cruise ship industry has been one of the fastest growing industries with a brief history of growth stemming from during 1970s in the North America, even though its origin had been European. The style of service delivery, product, management and plans for tours are different from the usual customer service oriented industries. This is because the nature of the cruise industry is perishable; that is once the cruise is underway the value of the room booked ends. Cruise lines depend entirely on their passengers to generate revenue as well as operation. It is highly demand elastic which makes it one of the most volatile industries in the world. Companies,

Promoting education of Islamic Finance In Australia Research Paper

Promoting education of Islamic Finance In Australia - Research Paper Example This is one of the reasons why Australia is very keen in promoting Islamic finance services in the country. However, it has been proven that education is extremely important in responding to the growing interest in Islamic finance (Zubair, 2008). Thus, the main thrust of this paper is to promote education of Islamic finance in Australia. This is to provide alternative education model to attract Muslim students from all over the world; and at the same time attracting locals to a new education development in the field of finance. The demand of Islamic financial services among Muslims in Australia is rapidly growing, and to address this concern, the country entered the Islamic finance. Muslim population in Australia is relatively high because of its long-standing trade ties and cooperation to different Muslim countries (Khaleej Times, 2010). According to the current assistant treasurer of Australia Nick Sherry (2010), â€Å"the Islamic finance, banking and insurance market [that] is worth almost $1 trillion is growing rapidly and could reach as much as $5 trillion.† Several institutions in the country are now offering Islamic financial services like Murababa, Ijara, and Musharaka where Muslims and non-Muslims can borrow with no interest and no trading debt (Ahmad, 2010, p.38). This is in response to the local and global potential demands for Islamic finance services in the country. However, the preface of Islamic finance in Australia is relatively new and as expected, not all of the Muslims and non-Mus lims fully understand the principles of Shariah and the Islamic banking concept sector. The Islamic Financial Services Programs (IFSPs) in Australia can be well implemented if the people are fully aware on the entirety of the program and this can be done through education. Several Islamic institutes are looking forward to a day that Shariah’s standard will be recognized in the academic and training

Military Operations Based on Climate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military Operations Based on Climate - Essay Example fferent climatic changes such as high and low temperatures, drought and floods, high and damaging winds, and heavy or blowing snow have significant impacts on military operations. These may lead to increased risk to life and safety, injury, and a degrading effect on mission performance. The effects of snow are felt across a range of tasks from intelligence gathering by sensors to mobility of vehicles and personnel. At the tactical level, the climate and its extremes affect soldier and unit issues such as doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leaders, personnel, and facilities. Proper training and doctrine have At the operational level, climate and extreme weather have an effect on the design and organization of successful campaigns, theater operations, and battles. When the campaigns are launched in the environments of tropical storms, monsoon season, or extreme desert heat these are clearly affected by the expected climate. Extreme weather events can cause delays and disruptions in plans for mobility, lines of communication, point of embarkation, logistics and support. At the strategic level, climate and extreme weather affect the national and international resources. The requirements for developing new aircraft, ground vehicles and ships are also affected by the range of extreme weather conditions. The operating and maintenance costs that are tied to both climate and the frequency of extreme weather, such as heating and cooling costs, damage by tropical storms and periodic floods. There have been many examples in the past when military attack has been affected by the extreme climatic conditions. During World War II the bad weather in Europe was the worst enemy of the air operation. Bad weather is the enemy of the side that seeks to launch projects requiring good weather, or of the side possessing great assets, such as strong air forces, which depend upon good weather for effective

Malaysia Airlines System Berhad Mas Commerce Essay

Malaysia Airlines System Berhad Mas Commerce Essay Malaysia Airlines System Berhad is founded as Malayan Airways that the government-owner flag carrier of Malaysia. MAS operate flights in Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Middle East and in the Kangaroo Route between Australia and Europe. Others operation that MAS provide to their customer is MASkargo, MASCharter, and MASswing. Apart from the MAS airline the group also includes aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) and aircraft handling. MAS have two airlines subsidiaries is Firefly, MASKargo and MASwings. The management that make many change in their structure organization to improve the productivity on employees performance and customer satisfaction. Starting in 1997 MAS get unprofitability and the top management and government should take action to solve this problem. And, MAS make a decision to make managing change to increase the profitability and can increase productivity. Most CEOs or managers in the organization consider to be make managing change to their management to improve the performance and productivity either to employees or organizations. Change perspectives describe the fundamentally different event sequences of change involvement, or what can be thought of as motors of change. Managing change is the systematic approach to dealing with the change from perspective of organization or individual. The goal of managing change is to make improvement in the performance of an organization as fast as possible and increased organization effectiveness. Moreover, when make a managing change has a purpose to achieve the goals. The purpose of change is to make organization more productive by finding ways of supporting or developing its competitive advantages. Before make managing change in MAS, the management should have a purpose for the management and employees can achieve what they want to be success. The purpose of MAS is to make airline market has become more competitive with the rapid increase of the low cost carrier (LCC) segment, continued growth of the Middle Eastern full service carriers and revival in the fortunes of Asia full service carriers. The objectives, MAS plan to move they to profitability by 2013, as well as a set of game changers to sustain our performance and create a platform for continued growth for MASs in future. FACTORS FOR CHANGE AND CONTINUITY IN MALAYSIA AIRLINES Starting from 1997, Malaysia Airlines (MAS) sustain financial problem because of unprofitability on the services and at the same time financial government have a big crisis is recession unemployment. The problem that MAS faced lasts until 2011 and the management and government find many ways to changing the management structure to improve profitability. The factors managing change that MAS contribute is:- 1. Corporate Culture On 1 December 2005, MAS a new CEO appointed Idris Jalal, to manage the management, the change that be contributed is to execute changes in operations and corporate culture. Corporate culture is the culture of each organization is unique, shaped by the values and beliefs of those who work there. As it evolves and takes shape, culture works to coordinate and control behavior, action and decision making within organizations. CEO Idris Jalal, launched its Business Turnaround Plan to improve poor yield management and an inefficient route network. With a new plan has implemented to the organization, it will then lead to a change in culture, beliefs or norms. Coincidentally, it will drive to an innovation in the operational structure to meet parallel with the organizational goals. Otherwise, the new CEO was involve setting up of several new business units, and the re-naming of existing functions as well the introduction of new leaders to pursue other career opportunities. With re-naming or re-branding again the product and services in MAS its can get a new image and the impact of the changing is to give a positive affect toward the management and operational structure. Among business plan that be changing in MAS:- a. Network, alliance, strategic planning is the implementation a new division will support the effective of groups network to meet the lively needs and to influence a strategic alliances and partnerships with other airlines. b. Programme Management Office is the organization was driven implementation, alignment and tracking of a key initiatives and activities to be supported the changing business plan and try to maximize the values of organization. The management office plan also can be improved the productivity of employees and increased the organization performance based on the strategy structure that be produce. c. Communication will be renamed strategic planning. The new organization structure proceeds with the departure of several leaders of the MAS team, the good leader is know how to communication with the employees. The effectives communication in organization will be make employees easy to make a changing in organization. 2. Collaboration with AirAsia. Malaysia Airlines (MAS) collaboration with AirAsia on 2011 to solve the problem that they faced and increase the profitability, productivity and performances. The meaning of term collaboration is working together to achieve a goal and objectives. The process where two or more organization work together to realize shared goals to reach an identical objectives. MAS and AirAsia, they will sharing knowledge, learning can be social within organization. CEO AirAsia says the collaboration between this two company airlines is to improve the productivity and performance of two company airlines and the main factors is to help MAS get profitability in business plan. Collaboration part of managing changing for the organization liked MAS that have a problem in the management structure get solve the problem in other ways under a new leader or CEO. CEO AirAsia says, MAS will need to more focus on rebranding exercise as on way for the national turnaround. In term rebranding products and services there are huge opportunities for MAS to invest in brands, especially to getting people to know more about the airlines. This collaboration also can help organization strategic structure with MAS management can implemented the AirAsia strategic structure into the organization. But, when to implement a new strategic structure into MAS, employees should absorb a new culture and values. The organization change in MAS will used a new vision, mission, and objectives to increase the productivity based on achievement they make it. Working together will benefits all of employees, improves individual cost structures and could lead to greater efficiencies. 3. Continuous Operational Improvement Continuous operational improvement is the process which changing to be continuity to make sure the organization can achieve the goals and objectives. The preferred premium carrier in the region should be lined with the organization vision, it will be making substantial changes to MAS operations to excel on three key dimensions, there are, commercial effectiveness, flight operations and cost management. MAS goals is to achieve the highest customer satisfaction while improving their revenues and operating as efficiently as possible. The improvement that MAS make is flight operations, where they are getting brand new aircraft and ground equipment that will provide a strong in this area. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION As conclusion, to sustain the improvement changing that be done in MAS, it must have a good strategic structure. Corporate culture is most important in doing changing in organization, because it can include how people in a company are likely to act in given situations both inside or outside the organization. The corporate culture has been implement in MAS is re-naming or re-branding the image of MAS; networkings, alliance, strategic planning; programme management office and communication will be renamed strategic planning. It is influence service quality and the way in which people are treated, whether customers or clients. In make the changes, MAS collaboration with AirAsia for strengthen the position in airlines areas. The collaboration with AirAsia, to expose MAS try moved forward to changing they position and the AirAsia try to help them to make changing in terms of sharing knowledge, learning a new structure, rebranding, absorb new structure and values. MAS try to continuous ope rational improvement and to do extremely well on three key dimensions, there are commercial effectiveness, flight operations and cost management. Managing change in MAS to help them to increase the productivity and performance for can achieve goals of organization. RECOMMENDATION Managing organizational change will be more successful if the organizations apply the continuous improvement. Many factor continuity and change the organization can apply in MAS. Apart from the factor can be recommended to Malaysia Airlines for continuous they can use an analytical framework. The purpose is to provide a base for conceptualized the relationships between the numerous constituents of change management. In an analytical framework, MAS will make much change in the organization, so they should maintaining change that they make it. Maintaining change is the last step in an analytical framework; MAS consider the necessary and sufficient requirements for ongoing change, exploring the process of measuring and evaluating change and examining issues of sustaining change.

A DNA Bank Is Necessary Essay -- essays research papers fc

Imagine that a convicted child molester is released from jail and that he is now traveling around the country looking for work. One day this criminal returns to his old ways and he attacks a young child whose dead body is found in a deserted field the following day. The only trace of evidence at the crime scene is a semen specimen on the boys clothes. Now this specimen could be useful if the police tracked down, and arrested the suspect, and then took a blood sample of his that matched the crime scene specimen. But, since no other clues are found this criminal was never arrested and for the next couple years he repeated this act many more times. It is a shame that innocent children had to die because of this sick man, and most people would agree criminals like this should be stopped at any cost. Now just think what would have happened had their been a DNA data bank that contained this man To understand why a DNA data bank is necessary it is important to know exactly what DNA is. Firstly, there are cells which makes up all organisms and inside these cells are chromosomes. Chromosomes, which are made up of DNA, contain all the hereditary information that an individual has. Now this DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) which makes up these chromosomes simply contains the blueprints of the organism. It is DNA which determines what, where, and when to make a certain protein, and it basically is the storage center for information in almost all creatures. This knowledge of DNA is important because now it is possible to show the correlation between DNA and forensic technology. There are many reasons why DNA is such a useful tool for law enforcement. One important feature of DNA, relates to the fact that all individuals have unique DNA, is that each cell in an organism has identical DNA. Whether it is found in in skin cells, hair cells, semen cells, or blood cells the DNA found in one cell is identical to the DNA found in all other cells in the body Another extremely crucial characteristic of DNA is that everyone has their own unique DNA. Since humans in general are basically alike in that we all have legs, arms, hearts brain it is obvious that most DNA is identical. The key though to identifying individuals through DNA is not through the strands of DNA that have a known function, rath... ...nal, it is much easier to identify repeat offenders in order to prevent future crimes, and the data base can also effectively eliminate suspects and end false arrests. All of society greatly benefits from a DNA database of convicted criminals. No one absolutely knows how effective a DNA data base will be against crime in the future, but presently it fights crime like nothing else. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Javurek, Peter, "Canada2. Frank, Laura, "Fingerprints from DNA not always on money" USA TODAY 7-15-94 3. Levy, Harlan, AND THE BLOOD CRIED OUT, Basic Books, 1996 4. Maharaj, Davan, "DNA Tests Becoming The Key out of Prison in Orange County" Los Angeles Times, 6-22-96 5. DOJ RELEASES STUDY ON VALUE OF DNA TESTING TO ESTABLISH INNOCENCE; AWARDS $8.75 MILL www.elibrary.com/getdoc.cgi?id=5322482776. 6. Billings, Paul, DNA ON TRIAL, 1995

Police Roles and Functions

Police Department Roles and Function CJA/214 Police Department Roles and Function In this paper the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as it applies to the law will be identified. Secondly, the description of various types of police agencies at the local, state, federal level, and the roles and functions of each will be discussed. In addition, the role and function of patrol will be explained. The principal roles and function of police organizationsThe principal role of police organizations can be narrowed down to different services that they provide. Protecting and serving the local community and their civil rights, traffic control, to uphold and enforce the law, and to encourage respecting the law. As we identify the function of the police organization we can say that each organization function helps to prevent crime and keep communities safe. The municipal police deals with serious crimes in big and small cities and asked to provide a wide variet y of emergency services.Description of various types of police agencies at the Local, State and Federal Levels As previously discussed, there are three levels of law enforcement agencies being covered, Local, State and Federal. The Local level is made of three organization Municipal Police, County Police, County Sheriff, County Coroner/Medical Examiner and some states still use Constables today. Let’s briefly review each one. Municipal police play a more complex role than any other law enforcement agency due to serving in our cities. Big and small cities represent the most complex environments when it comes to diversity.With that being said, city police carry the heaviest responsibility for dealing with serious crime, which is not concentrated evenly. They are also responsible for difficult order maintenance problems as well as asked and expected to provide a wide range of emergency services (Walker & Katz 2011). A County Police officer is essentially a municipal police offic er that operates on a county-wide basis but do not have non-law enforcement roles of the county sheriff. There focus is on patrolling and criminal investigations.On the other hand, County Sheriff has a unique role as they serve all three components to the criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections (Walker & Katz 2011). Under these components they patrol, investigate crimes, process and serve subpoenas, provide security in courtrooms and last but not lease maintain county jails. The County Coroner also called the Medical Examiner falls under the law enforcement because they investigate death scenes, conduct autopsies and determine cause of violent and unexpected deaths (Walker & Katz2011).Constables were still used, are usually found in a County court system where they are responsible for serving warrants and subpoenas, transporting prisoners, and providing security for district judges. They also work with county commissioners to post delinquent tax notices and assist attorneys in serving divorce papers (Walker & Katz 2011). State police and Highway patrol fall under the State Level. They both provide a variety of law enforcement services. In terms of patrol, state police have concurrent or shared responsibility with local police agencies.In about half of the states, the state police or highway patrol agency has the primary responsibility for enforcing traffic laws on the main highways (Walker & Katz2011). State police manage traffic and emergency incidents and minimize exposure of the public to unsafe conditions resulting from emergency incidents and highway impediments. Furthermore state police prevent loss of life, injuries, property damage, and protect public and state assets (CHP 2012). The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is one of several law enforcement organizations under the federal umbrella.The DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice s ystem of the United States (DEA 2012), and primarily dedicated to reducing the supply of illegal drugs to residents in the United States (Walker & Katz 2011). One of the missions and responsibilities of the DEA is the management of national drug intelligence program that aids with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect various intelligence drug information (DEA 2012). The role and function of patrol With law enforcement officer the role and function of patrol can take on many descriptions.At times while on patrol an officer can be called upon to be a service provider, a crime fighter or a social worker. Secondly, traffic flow and collision reduction can be one of the many functions that allow an officer to take up different roles while on duty (Heath & Karen, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are the key to protecting our country. From the municipal police officer who is responding to a 911 call or a federal agent maki ng a major illegal drug bust, each duty is very different but essential to enforcing our laws.Without law enforcement agencies in the United States and throughout the world, there’d be no one to â€Å"protect and serve† leading to total chaos. Reference Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. (2011). The Police in America. An introduction (7th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Collection database. CHP (2012) The California Highway Patrol, Retrieved from http://www. chp. ca. gov/html/mission. html Drug Enforcement Administration (2012) About Us, Our Mission Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/dea/ HG Global Legal Resources (1999-2012) Control Substances Law Retrieved from http://www. hg. org/control. html